School Administrative District #4
Unity of purpose
CORE CURRICULUM: SUPPLEMENTAL PAGES
Department: Science Department
ADVANCED BIOLOGY: A PROGRAM MODIFICATION
Advanced Biology is a high-school course intended to provide students who plan to pursue a career in medicine or a health-science-related field an in-depth background in human and animal anatomy and physiology. Students are expected to conduct lab investigations, extensive dissections, and independent research, as well as use models, photographs, and microscope work to supplement their learning. The relationship of structure to function will be stressed throughout the course. Major areas of study will include scientific terminology, histology, organs and organ systems (including their structures and functions).
CONTENT STANDARD: ADVANCED BIOLOGY
The study of biology is the study of life, including how life forms, develops, reproduces, obtains energy, and responds to the environment. The functions performed by organelles (specialized structures found in cells) within individual cells are also carried out by the organ system in multi-cellular organisms. All students are expected to understand that cells are the basic units of life and to be conversant with magnifying devices, cell structure and function, body systems, causes of disease, and the body's defense against disease. Modern classification systems are based on comparisons of the structure, function, life cycles, and behavior of organisms. All students are expected to understand that there are similarities within the diversity of all living things. Fossils show past life, extinct species, and environmental changes over time. Organisms change and new species may arise because of genetically coded adaptations. All students are expected to understand the basis for all life and the fact that all living things change over time. Energy takes many forms which can exert forces and do work. The conversion of energy from one form to another offers useful applications and sometimes presents problems. All students are expected to understand concepts of energy as they relate to the study of living things. Balance in ecosystems is based on an intricate web of relationships among populations of living organisms, as well as non-living factors such as water and temperature. Changes in specific populations or conditions affect other parts of the ecosystem. Individual systems continually change in response to human and other factors. All students are expected to understand how living things depend on one another and on non-living aspects of the environment.
Performance Indicators: The learner will·
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Grade 12 |
1. Review and extend prior learning
2. Demonstrate an understanding of medical terminology
á List terms describing human body planes, directions, cavities, and regions
á Demonstrate an understanding of prefixes and suffixes used in conjunction with medical terminology
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the use, function, structure, and care of a compound microscope
4. Demonstrate an understanding of cytology and all processes connected with it
á Mitosis
á Diffusion
á Osmosis
á Dial ysis
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the microscopic identification of tissue types
á Epithelial
á Connective
á Muscle
á Nervous
6. Demonstrate an understanding of skeletal anatomy, including
á Major components of a Haversian system or osteon
á Major anatomical structures of a long bone
á Bones of both axial and appendicular skeletons
á Major bone markings
7. Demonstrate an understanding of joints
á Differentiate between synarthrodial and diarthrodial joints
á Locate major structures and fontnaels of adult and fetal skulls
á Demonstrate selected diarthrodial joint movements
8. Demonstrate an understanding of the muscular system
á Microscopically recognize skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
á Microscopically recognize myoneural junction
á Identify the major muscles of the head, neck, trunk, and limbs
á Demonstrate an understanding of a cat's musculature
á Identify the major muscles of the head, neck, trunk, and limbs
á Recognize similarities and differences between the muscles of cats and humans
á Demonstrate an understanding of muscle contractions
á Name the ions that are present in normal contractions
á Interpret the response of muscles to various stimulations
9. Demonstrate an understanding of the nervous system
á Demonstrate an understanding of nervous system anatomy
á Identify characteristics of a neuron
á Identify spinal and cord features
á Identify cerebral and cerebellar tissue
á Identify meninges
á Identify the anatomy of the brain
á Identify selected spinal and cranial nerves
á Demonstrate an understanding of nervous system physiology
á Identify and demonstrate selected human reflexes
á Perform tests for cranial and cerebellar function
á Identify selected spinal reflexes and characteristics of nerve impulse transmission in frogs
10. Demonstrate an understanding of vision
á Identify the anatomy of the eye
á Perform selected vision tests
11. Demonstrate an understanding of the ear, hearing, and equilibrium
á Identify the anatomy of the ear
á Perform physiological exercises related to hearing and equilibrium
12. Demonstrate an understanding of taste and cutaneous receptors
á Perform physiological exercises related to olfactory and taste discriminations
á Identify histological characteristics of cutaneous receptors
á Perform exercises illustrating physiological characteristics of cutaneous receptors
13. Demonstrate an understanding of blood lymphatic and cardiovascular systems
á Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy of blood, the lymphatic system, blood vessels, and the heart
á Identify components of human blood
á Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic system
á Identify differences in structure and function among
á Arteries
á Veins
á Capillaries
á Lymph vessels
á Identify the structures of human and other mammalian hearts
á Locate major blood vessels in the cat and humans
á Demonstrate an understanding of human blood physiology
á Determine ABO and Rh blood types
á Explain the purpose of measuring hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in a blood sample
á Demonstrate proficiency in measuring pulse and blood pressure and the medical significance of those measurements
á Demonstrate an understanding of cardiac muscle physiology
á Identify normal wave configuration and variations from the same in human electrocardiograms
á Observe the actions and properties of the heart when stimulated by various agents
14. Demonstrate an understanding of the respiratory system
á Demonstrate an understanding of respiratory system anatomy
á Demonstrate a knowledge of basic lung and trachea histology
á Identify major structures and organs of the human and cat respiratory systems
á Demonstrate an understanding of respiratory measurement
á Determine vital capacity using a spirometer
á Calculate
á Total lung capacity
á Tidal volume
á Residual volume
á Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
á Investigate respiratory variations using a pneumograph
15. Demonstrate an understanding of the digestive system
á Demonstrate an understanding of digestive system anatomy
á Identify the major divisions of the digestive tract
á State the functions of the structure of the alimentary tract
á Describe the histology of the digestive tract
á Demonstrate an understanding of digestive chemistry
á Summarize the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
á Perform chemical tests to identify
á Amino acids
á Proteins
á Carbohydrates
á Lipids
16. Demonstrate an understanding of the urinary system
á Demonstrate an understanding of urinary system anatomy
á Identify parts of the nephron
á Identify anatomical features of the kidney, the human urinary system, and the urinary system of male and female cats
á Demonstrate an understanding of urinary system physiology
á Correlate parts of a nephron with the process of urine formation
á Perform basic tests included in a routine urinalysis
17. Demonstrate an understanding of acid-base balance
á Demonstrate an understanding of pH measurement
á Define acid, base pH, and buffer system
á Use litmus paper, pH paper, pH meter to determine the acidity or alkalinity of common biological fluids
á Demonstrate the regulation of pH
á Demonstrate the effects of buffer systems on pH change
á Explain how the respiratory and renal systems function to maintain acid-base balance
á Define and identify types of acidosis and alkalosis in certain disease states
18. Demonstrate an understanding of the reproductive system
á Demonstrate an understanding of reproductive system anatomy
á Identify the structures of human and cat, male and female, reproductive systems
á Identify stages in oogenesis and spermatogenesis
á Microscopically recognize sections of ovary, testis, penis, and uterus
á Observe specimens of an ovary, testis, and a uterus containing a fetus
á Demonstrate an understanding of reproductive system physiology
á Correlate stages of the female sexual cycle with events occurring in the anterior pituitary gland, ovaries, uterus, and blood
á Demonstrate the use of a pregnancy test kit
á Identify basic stages of embryological development
19. Demonstrate an understanding of the endocrine system
á Demonstrate an understanding of the endocrine glands
á Identify the major endocrine glands in the human body
á Name the endocrine glands and the hormones each secretes
á Recognize sections of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands
á Demonstrate an understanding of the endocrine system physiology
á Determine blood glucose levels, using various methods
á Demonstrate a reverse insulin shock in a fish
School Administrative District #4
Unity of purpose
CORE CURRICULUM: SUPPLEMENTAL PAGES
Department: Science Department
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY: A PROGRAM MODIFICATION
Advanced Chemistry is a high-school course offered to those students antici-pating entry into college-level science classes after graduation. High-school students come to Advanced Chemistry at many levels of intellectual maturity and with varying amounts of scientific and technological motivation. For this reason, the course provides a review and expansion of many of the concepts taught in core science classes, seeks to provide tangible continuity from inorganic chemistry to the basics of organic chemistry, and encourages students to pursue more sophisticated concepts and methods in the field by accessing the world's contemporary science journals, university libraries, and prominent research organizations via computer technology and the Internet. Experts in the many related sub-fields of the discipline are tapped for research papers and formal presentations. Students are encouraged to investigate controversial aspects of the world's problems and defend or refute position from a chemist's point of view.
CONTENT STANDARD: ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
The study of chemistry is the study of matter; its structure, properties, and composition; and the processes of change. Matter is made of atoms, each with its characteristic properties, which can combine to form all substances in the universe. The state and properties of matter may differ when it experiences chemical, physical, and nuclear changes. All students are expected to understand the structure of matter and the changes it can undergo.
Performance Indicators: The learner will·
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Grade 12 |
1. Review and extend prior learning
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of organic chemistry
á Investigate the self-bonding properties of carbon
á Investigate the bonding of carbon to other elements
á Demonstrate an understanding of structural formulas and isomerism
3. Investigate molecular structure and related physical properties in terms of
á Ion-ion forces
á Intermolecular forces
á Solubility of organic compounds
á Conformational analysis
á An overview of functional groups
á Methyl, Hydroxyl, Phosphate, and other related groups
á Carbonyl groups such as esters, aldehydes, keytones, carboxylic acids, and ethers
á Organic halogens
4. Explore acids and bases within the unique confines of organic molecular structures
á Demonstrate an understanding of Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory
á Demonstrate an understanding of Lewis acid-base theory
5. Explore the characteristics of alkanes
á Nomenclature
á Properties
á Conformational analysis (cyclic and aliphatic)
á Synthesis of alkanes and cycloalkanes
á Reactions and associated bond energies
6. Explore the characteristics of alkenes, and alkynes
á Nomenclature
á Properties
á Reactions of alkenes
7. Demonstrate an understanding of isomerism, including
á Skeletal isomers
á Positional isomers
á Functional group isomers
á Stereoisomers
8. Demonstrate an understanding of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons
á Nomenclature
á Synthesis
á Reactions
9. Define bond dissociation energy, activation energy, and enthalpy of reaction in terms of transition theory
10. Investigate the synthesis and interactions of the primary biochemical groups
á Carbohydrates
á Lipids
á Proteins (polypeptide chains)
á Nucleic acids (the condensation polymers of monomeric nucleotides)
School Administrative District #4
Unity of purpose
CORE CURRICULUM: SUPPLEMENTAL PAGES
Department: Science Department
ADVANCED PHYSICS: A PROGRAM MODIFICATION
Advanced Physics is a high-school course offered to those students antici-pating entry into college-level science classes after graduation. High-school students come to Advanced Physics at many levels of intellectual maturity and with varying amounts of scientific and technological motivation. For this reason, the course provides a review of many concepts taught in core science classes and encourages students to pursue more sophisticated concepts and methods.
CONTENT STANDARD: ADVANCED PHYSICS
The study of physics is the study of the basic physical laws that can be applied to all the sciences. All objects are in motion, at least at an atomic/subatomic level. By understanding how forces (e.g., gravity, friction, and magnetism) act on objects, students can predict the effects of those forces on the motion of an object. All students are expected to understand the motion of objects and the manner in which forces can change that motion. Energy takes many forms which can exert forces and do work. The conversion of energy from one form to another offers useful applications and sometimes presents problems. All students are expected to understand concepts of energy.
Performance Indicators: The learner will·
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Grade 12 |
1. Review and extend prior learning
2. Demonstrate an understanding of mechanics
á Demonstrate an understanding of mathematical tools and processes needed to complete physics problems (many of these concepts and skills are mastered through the mathematics program)
á State the fundamental SI units for time, length, and mass
á Use scientific notation
á Identify and use common metric prefixes
á Perform arithmetic operations using scientific notation
á Recognize that all measured quantities have uncertainties
á Distinguish between accuracy and precision
á Demonstrate an understanding of significant digits and their use in stating the precision of measured quantities
á Use significant digits correctly when recording measured data
á Distinguish between dependent and independent variables
á Graph data points
á Demonstrate an understanding of how smooth curves drawn through data points represent the relationship between dependent and independent variables
á Recognize linear and direct relationships and find and interpret the slope of the curve
á Recognize quadratic and inverse relationships
á Manipulate algebraic equations
á Use dimensional analysis to test the validity of an equation
á Demonstrate an understanding of velocity
á Define and give an example of a frame of reference
á Define the concept of average velocity in a way that shows an ability to calculate it
á Solve an equation involving velocity, distance, and time
á Interpret and plot position-time graphs for positive and negative positions
á Determine the slope of a curve on a position-time graph and calculate the velocity
á Distinguish displacement from distance and velocity from speed
á Plot and interpret a velocity-time graph
á Demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of the area under the curve on a velocity-time graph and calculate the displacement from such a graph
á Define and use the concept of relativity of velocities
á Define and give examples of instantaneous velocity, distinguishing instantaneous from average velocity
á Demonstrate an understanding of acceleration
á Calculate average velocity, given two velocities and the time interval between them
á Calculate average and instantaneous velocity from a velocity-time graph
á Calculate final velocity in the case of uniform acceleration
á Calculate the displacement of an object undergoing uniform acceleration when two out of the three quantities are known: acceleration, time, velocity
á Solve problems dealing with the motion of objects uniformly accelerated by gravity
á Use an organized strategy for solving motion problems
á Demonstrate an understanding of force
á Name the four basic forces, their relative strengths, and some familiar examples
á State Newton's three laws of motion and demonstrate an understanding of their applications
á Use Newton's second law to solve problems
á Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between net forces that cause acceleration and action-reaction pairs
á Distinguish between weight and mass and use the second law to relate them
á Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of frictional forces and use the coefficient of friction to solve problems
á Demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of net force and calculate the acceleration that results
á Demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of free fall and the causes of air resistance and terminal velocity
á Demonstrate an understanding of vectors
á Add vectors by the graphical method, recognizing that the order of vector addition does not matter
á Recognize the independence of perpendicular vector quantities
á Demonstrate an understanding of the addition of forces and solve force vector addition problems
á Recognize the applications of elementary geometry and trigonometry to vector addition and solve problems using these methods
á State the requirements for equilibrium
á Define equilibrant, differentiating between resultant and equilibrant
á Specify the proper method of resolving vectors into perpendicular components and choose axis and resolve vectors graphically and analytically
á Specify axis, resolve vectors, and solve inclined plane problems
á Demonstrate an understanding of motion in two dimensions
á Demonstrate an understanding of the independence of vertical and horizontal velocities of a projectile by solving problems of projectiles launched horizontally
á Find the maximum height and range of projectiles launched at an arbitrary angle if the initial velocity and angle are given
á Demonstrate an understanding of the centripetal acceleration of objects in circular motion and apply Newton's laws to such motion
á Characterize simple harmonic motion and apply Newton's laws to such motion
á Recognize resonance as a phenomenon often seen in daily life
á Demonstrate an understanding of universal gravitation
á Demonstrate an understanding of the need for precision and hard work in gathering data to help understand how the universe works
á List Kepler's laws and demonstrate an understanding of them
á Recognize how Kepler's laws resulted in Newton's laws of gravitation and calculate periods and velocities of orbiting objects
á Demonstrate an understanding that gravitational force is proportional to both masses and the inverse square of the distance between the centers of spherical bodies
á State the method used by Cavendish to measure G and demonstrate and understanding of the results of knowing G
á Recognize that the motion of satellites in circular orbits about the earth can be understood using equations of uniform circular motion and solve problems involving orbital velocity and period
á Demonstrate an understanding of the term weightlessness in describing objects in freefall and in orbit
á Describe gravitational fields and recognize that the field concept does not explain the origin of gravity
á Demonstrate an understanding of Einstein's concept of gravity
á Demonstrate an understanding of momentum and its conservation
á Define momentum and impulse and use the momentum-impulse theorem to calculate changes in momentum
á Demonstrate an understanding of the relation between average force and time interval for a fixed impulse
á Recognize the connection between the third law and conservation of momentum
á Use the definition of a closed, isolated system
á State the law of conservation of momentum and use it, especially in collision problems
á Distinguish between external and internal forces and use this distinction
á Explain the extension of the law of conservation of momentum to two dimensions
á Solve collision problems using vectors
á Demonstrate an understanding of work, energy, and simple machines
á Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between work done and energy transferred
á Demonstrate an understanding of energy
á Calculate kinetic energy and apply the work-energy theorem
á Solve problems involving gravitational potential energy
á State the law of conservation of energy and solve problems using it
á Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions, including which quantities are conserved in each kind
3. Demonstrate an understanding of thermal energy and states of matter
á Demonstrate an understanding of thermal energy
á Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of thermal energy as explained by kinetic theory
á Define temperature and distinguish it form thermal energy
á Explain the process of reaching equilibrium and its application to the measurement of temperature
á Distinguish heat from thermal energy
á Define and demonstrate an understanding of specific heat
á Calculate heat transfer
á Demonstrate an understanding of the application of conservation of energy to heat transfers
á Calculate temperature changes due to heat transfer
á State and explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics
á Define entropy
á Define heat engine, refrigerator, and heat pump
á Define heat of fusion and heat of vaporization
á Demonstrate an understanding of the microscopic basis of changes of state and calculate heat transfers needed to effect changes of state
á Demonstrate an understanding of states of matter
á Calculate pressure and total force
á Demonstrate an understanding of the origin of Pascal's and Archimedes' principles and their applications
á Explain Bernoulli's principle and its applications in producing lift
á Describe how cohesive and adhesive forces cause surface tension and capillary action, respectively
á Explain the origin of evaporation and condensation from the viewpoint of kinetic energy
á Demonstrate an understanding of the origin of thermal expansion (elasticity), solve problems using linear thermal expansion, and state of applications and difficulties caused by thermal expansion
4. Demonstrate an understanding of waves and light
á Demonstrate an understanding of waves and energy transfer
á Solve problems involving waves crossing boundaries
á Demonstrate an understanding of sound
á Solve problems relating the frequency, wavelength, and the velocity of sound
á Define the Doppler shift and identify some of its applications
á Relate physical properties of sound waves to perceived pitch and loudness
á Describe the meaning of the octave and use the decibel scale
á Demonstrate an understanding of resonance, especially applied to an air column
á Describe or sketch a standing wave and solve problems involving standing waves in resonating air columns
á Define timbre and recognize the origin of and solve problems involving beats
á Define harmonics and explain their origins
á Demonstrate an understanding of light
á Recognize the wavelength range of light
á Define a ray and provide examples of evidence that light in a uniform medium travels in straight lines
á State the speed of light to one or three significant digits and solve problems involving the speed of light
á Define luminous intensity, luminous flux, and illuminance; and solve illumination problems
á Define transparent, translucent, and opaque
á Demonstrate an understanding of the formation of color by adding light or by subtracting with pigments or dyes
á Explain the cause and provide examples of interference in thin films
á Describe methods of producing polarized light
á Demonstrate an understanding of reflection and refraction
á Distinguish between diffuse and regular reflection and provide examples
á Predict whether a ray will be bent toward or away from the normal when light moves from one medium to another
á State Snell's law
á Solve refraction problems
á Relate index of refraction to the speed of light in a medium and solve problems relating these two quantities
á Explain total internal reflection
á Define the critical angle
á Explain effects caused by the refraction of light in a medium with varying reflective indices
á Explain dispersion of light in terms of index of refraction
á Demonstrate an understanding of mirrors and lenses
á Describe the image produced by a plane mirror
á Define the focal point
á Explain the origin of parallel rays
á Explain the rules of ray tracing in concave mirrors
á Define spherical aberration
á Describe uses of parabolic mirrors
á Distinguish between real and virtual images
á Explain how concave mirrors form real and virtual images, locate the images with ray diagrams, and use the mirror equation to calculate image location and magnification
á Explain how convex mirrors form virtual images, locate the images with ray diagrams, and use the mirror equation to calculate image location and magnification
á Differentiate between concave and convex lenses
á Describe the formation of real and virtual images by convex lenses, locate the images with ray diagrams, and calculate image location and size using lens equation
á Describe the formation of virtual images by concave lenses, locate the images with ray diagrams, and calculate image location and size
á Define chromatic aberration and explain how it can be reduced
á Explain the operation of optical instruments
á Demonstrate an understanding of diffraction and interference of light
á Define diffraction of light
á Demonstrate an understanding of how light falling on two slits produces a pattern of dark and bright bands on a screen
á Demonstrate an understanding of the geometrical interpretation of two-slit interference
á Calculate the wavelength of light for two-slit interference pattern
á Explain geometrically how single-slit diffraction patterns occur and use the derived equation to relate the pattern width to slit width and light wavelength
á Explain the interference pattern formed by the diffraction grating
á Demonstrate an understanding of the operation of a grating spectrometer
á Explain how diffraction effects limit the resolution of a lens
5. Demonstrate an understanding of electricity
á Demonstrate an understanding of static electricity
á Recognize the basic properties of the electrical interaction
á Explain how to charge an object
á Demonstrate an understanding that charging is the separation, not the creation, of charges
á State the difference between conductors and insulators
á Summarize the observed forces between charged objects
á Explain how an electroscope detects the presence of charge and how an object is charged by conduction
á Explain separation of charge and charging by induction
á State Coulomb's law and explain how the force depends on charges and their separation
á State the SI unit of charge
á Demonstrate an understanding of the vector nature of the electric force and solve problems using Coulomb's law
á Demonstrate an understanding of the cause of the attractive force on neutral objects and list examples of this force
á Demonstrate an understanding of electric fields
á Define an electric field and explain how to measure it
á Distinguish between force and field
á Solve problems relating field, force, and charge
á Distinguish between electric field and field lines
á Define the electric potential difference in terms of work done moving a unit test charge
á Distinguish potential from potential difference
á State the units of potential and solve problems involving potential in uniform electric fields
á Demonstrate an understanding of how Millikan used electric fields to find the charge of the electron
á Demonstrate an understanding of how minimizing energy determines sharing of charge
á Define grounding and relate it to charge sharing
á Explain where charges reside on solid and hollow conductors
á Recognize the relationship between conductor shape and field strength
á Define capacitance, describe the principle of the capacitor, and solve capacitor problems
á Demonstrate an understanding of current electricity
á Define electric current and ampere
á Describe conditions that allow current to flow
á Draw circuits, recognize they are closed loops, and demonstrate an understanding of energy transfer in circuits