School Administrative District #4

Unity of purpose

CORE CURRICULUM: SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Department: Science

CONTENT STANDARD: CHEMISTRY

 

Performance Indicators: The learner will·

Kindergarten

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Recognize that large things are made up of smaller pieces (e.g., that a snowman is made up of snowballs that are made up of snowflakes)

3.        Describe some physical properties of objects

á         Color (especially, the eight basic colors)

á         Shape (e.g., circle, triangle, square) and form (e.g., flexible, stiff, straight, curved)

á         Texture and feel (e.g., rough, smooth, hard, soft)

á         Relative size and mass (e.g., big, little, heavy, light, wide, thin, long, short)

á         Position and speed (e.g., over, under, in, out, above, below, left, right, fast, slow)

4.        Group objects based on observable characteristics (e.g., color, size, texture)

5.        Demonstrate an understanding that water has properties that can be observed and tested

á         Form (solid, liquid, gas)

á         Natural flow (downhill)

á         Ability to allow objects to sink or float

Grade 1

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an understanding that water has properties that can be observed and tested

á         The ability of water to mix with some liquids (e.g., vinegar) and not mix with others (e.g., oil)

á         The ability of water to dissolve some substances (e.g., sugar, salt) and not dissolve others (e.g., rocks, soil)

á         The ability of hot water to dissolve substances more readily than cold water

Grade 2

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an initial understanding of the basic properties of solids, liquids, and gases and the processes involved with changes from one state to another

á         Properties

á         Mass

á         Volume/capacity

á         Processes

á         Condensation

á         Evaporation

á         Melting

á         Freezing

á         Expanding

á         Contracting

Grade 3

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an understanding of the basic properties of solids, liquids, and gases and the processes involved with changes from one state to another

á         Properties

á         Mass

á         Volume/capacity

á         Processes

á         Condensation

á         Evaporation

á         Melting

á         Freezing

á         Expanding

á         Contracting

Grade 4

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an initial understanding that matter is anything that has mass; takes up space; and occurs as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma

3.        Demonstrate an understanding that objects can be described in terms of the materials of which they are made up and their physical properties

á         Demonstrate an understanding that objects are made up of parts, some of which are too small to be seen without magnification

á         Demonstrate an understanding that properties remain the same if the material is reduced in size

á         Demonstrate an initial understanding of the properties of acids and bases

4.        Describe how the physical properties of objects sometimes change when one object combines with another

á         Demonstrate an initial understanding of compounds, mixtures, and solutions

á         Demonstrate an initial understanding of the effect of temperature on states of matter

5.        Demonstrate an initial understanding of how matter changes in both chemical and physical ways

Grade 5

1.      Review and extend prior learning

2.      Demonstrate an understanding that all matter consists of particles called atoms

á         Demonstrate an understanding that atoms are made up of certain smaller particles (e.g., nucleus, neutrons, protons, electrons)

3.        Predict and test whether objects will float or sink, based on a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the concepts of density and buoyancy

Grade 6

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an understanding that all matter consists of particles called atoms

á         Demonstrate an understanding that atoms of any element are alike but different from atoms of other elements

3.        Describe how a substance can combine with different substances in different ways, depending upon the conditions and the properties of each substance

4.        Describe how the motion of matter's particles determines its state (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) and vice versa

5.        Explain how the relatively small number of naturally occurring elements can result in the large variety of substances found in the world

Grade 7

1.      Review and extend prior learning

2.      Investigate the similarities and differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures, i.e.,

á         That mixtures can be separated by physical properties

á         That compounds can only be separated by chemical processes

á         That elements cannot be separated by physical or chemical processes

Grade 8

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an initial understanding of how to obtain information from the Periodic Table of Elements

3.        Demonstrate an initial understanding that matter can be classified as

á         Elements, compounds, or mixtures

á         Acids, bases, or salts

á         Organic or inorganic

á         Solids, liquids, gases, or plasma

4.        Demonstrate an understanding that matter has physical and chemical properties and can undergo change (e.g., rusting, burning, photosynthesis, acid-base neutralization reactions)

5.        Demonstrate an understanding of the law of conservation of matter

Grade 9

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an understanding of the properties of matter

á         Condensation

á         Evaporation

á         Sublimation

á         Boiling point

á         Heat of condensation

á         Heat of solidification

á         Melting (freezing) point

á        Specific heat

3.        Demonstrate an understanding of the composition of matter

Grade 10

1.      Review and extend prior learning

2.      Demonstrate an understanding of properties of matter

á         Define matter and distinguish between kinds of matter

á         Pure substance

á       Elements

á       Compounds

á          Ionic

á          Molecular

á          Distinguish among saturated and unsaturated and super-saturated solutions

á         Mixtures of substances

á       Homogenous (solutions)

á       Heterogeneous

á         Define substance and identify the properties of given substances

á         Define atmospheric pressure and explain how pressure is measured with a barometer

á         Physical properties

á       Extensive

á          Mass

á          Volume

á          Weight

á       Intensive

á          Boiling/melting points

á          Color

á          density

á          Electrical conductivity

á          Hardness

á          Magnetism

á          Odor

á          Taste

á         Demonstrate an initial understanding of the processes by which matter changes from one phase to another

á          Demonstrate an initial understanding of various heat-related properties

á         Chemical properties

á       Flammability

á       Reactivity

á       Corrosiveness

á         Properties of solutions

á       Conductivity

á       Acid/base nature

á       Color

á       Solubility

á       Precipitation

á       Concentration

á         Calculate density

á         Identify the phases of matter

á         Solid

á         Liquid

á         Gaseous

á         Plasmic

á         Explain kinetic theory as it relates to the phases of matter

á         Distinguish between physical change and chemical change

á         Provide the indications of a chemical change

á         Color change

á         Temperature change

á         Production of gas or precipitate

á         Demonstrate an understanding that every change in a substance involves an energy change

á         Endothermic

á         Exothermic

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the Periodic Table and modern periodic law

á         Distinguish between period and group/family using the Periodic Table and explain what members of a period or group/family have in common

á         Memorize the chemical symbols of specific elements

á         Relate electron configuration to the arrangement of the Periodic Table

á         Explain periodic trends

á         Atomic size

á         Ionization energy

á         Electron affinity

á         Ionic size

á         Electronegativity

á         Define metal, non-metal, and semi-metal and discuss the properties of each

á         Metals

á       Alkali metals, including rare earth alkali metals

á       Transition metals

á         Non-metals

á       Halogens

á       Noble gases

á         Semi-metals (metalloids)

á         Distinguish between representative elements and transition metals

á         Define diatomic molecule

3.      Demonstrate an understanding of structure of matter

á        Demonstrate an understanding of the history of atomic theory

á         Law of conservation of matter

á         Law of definite proportions

á         Law of multiple proportions

á        Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of subatomic particle and how mass and charge are related to the kinds of subatomic particles

á         Electrons

á         Neutrons

á         Protons

á        Demonstrate an understanding of how scientists use a cathode ray tube to study subatomic particles

á        List the properties of electrons, neutrons, and protons and describe their location within the atom

á        Define atomic number and explain how atomic number is determined

á        Define isotope

á        Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of atomic weight and its relationship to atomic mass

á        Demonstrate an understanding of mass number and how mass number is calculated

á        Define scientific model and discuss the role and limitations of models in scientific investigations

á        Demonstrate an understanding of the development of atomic models

á         Dalton

á         Thomson

á         Rutherford

á         Bohn

á         Schrodinger (quantum mechanics)

á        Describe the arrangement of electrons in atoms

á        Define valence electrons and draw electron dot structures for elements

á        Differentiate between an atom and an ion

á        Demonstrate an understanding of how electron configurations are used to predict charges of ions of representative elements

á         Cations

á         Anions

á        Demonstrate an understanding of how each element has its own atomic emission spectrum

4.      Demonstrate an understanding of the composition of matter

á         Distinguish among characteristics of different compounds

á         Ionic

á         Molecular

á         Explain ionic bonding

á         Duet rule

á         Octet rule

á         Define polyatomic ion

á         Explain metallic bonding and how it relates to properties of metals

á         Electrical conductivity

á         Malleability

á         Ductility

á         Predict formulas and names of ions from representative elements

á         Define chemical formula and demonstrate an understanding of formula units

á         Elements

á         Subscripts

á         Write the chemical names and formulas for binary and ternary ionic compounds

á         Demonstrate an understanding of polyatomic ions and be familiar with their names and formulas

á         Write the names and formulas of acids

á         Write chemical names for molecular compounds

á         Write molecular formulas for molecular compounds

á         Define covalent bonding

á         Single

á         Double and triple

á         Coordinate

á         Draw structural formulas of molecules

á         Build models of molecular compounds

á         Predict shapes of molecules using the VSEPR Theory

á         Define polar molecules

á         Distinguish between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

á         Demonstrate an understanding of intermolecular attractions

á         Van der Waals forces

á       Dispersion forces

á       Dipole interactions

á         Hydrogen bonds

á         Describe the nature of a phase of matter in terms of intermolecular forces between particles

á         Solid

á       Amorphous, including super-cooled liquids

á       Crystalline

á         Liquid

á         Gas

á         Plasma

5.      Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of chemical change

á         Define chemical equation

á         Word equations

á         Symbol equations

á         Skeletal equations

á         Recognize the information provided by a chemical equation

á         Reactants

á         Products

á         Define coefficient and explain the role of coefficients in balancing chemical equations, including stoichiometry

á         Distinguish between balanced and unbalanced chemical equations

á         Write, balance, and interpret chemical equations

á         Classify chemical reactions

á         Combination

á         Decomposition

á         Single replacement

á         Double replacement

á         Combustion

á         Predict the products of a chemical reaction

á         Define oxidation reduction reaction

á         Define and demonstrate an understanding of equilibrium and collision theory in the context of balancing equations

á         Explain the factors that affect rates of reactions

6.      Demonstrate an understanding of measurement

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the mole as a unit of measurement

á         Describe how Avogadro's number is related to a mole of any substance

á         Calculate the number of moles in any given number of representative particles of any substance

á         Distinguish between the terms

á         Gram atomic mass

á         Gram molecular mass

á         Gram formula mass

á         Molar mass

á         Use the mole to convert among measurements of

á         Mass

á         Volume

á         Number of particles

á         Calculate the percentage composition of a substance from its chemical formula or experimental data

á         Derive empirical and molecular formulas from appropriate experimental data

á         Interpret chemical equations

á         Mole-mole calculations

á         Mass-mass calculations

á         Demonstrate an understanding of limiting reagent

á         Calculate percent yield

Grade 11

1.        Review and extend prior learning

2.        Demonstrate an understanding of measurement

á         Interpret chemical equations

á         Stoichiometric calculations

3.        Demonstrate an understanding of the properties of matter

á         Demonstrate an understanding of solubility and how solubility is expressed (grams of solution per 100 grams of solute)

á         Demonstrate an understanding of factors affecting solubility

á         Temperature

á         Pressure

á         Agitation

á         Surface area

á         Demonstrate an understanding of Henry's Law in order to solve gas solubility problems

á         Distinguish between concentration and dilution

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the unit of concentration (molarity)

á         Formula for molarity (M)

á         Calculate the molarity of a solution

4.        Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of chemical change

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of the pH scale

á         Use the Lewis Theory and the Bromsted-Lowry Theory to classify substances as

á         Acids

á         Bases

á         Hydrogen-ion donors

á         Hydrogen-ion acceptors

á         Distinguish between conjugate acid and conjugate base

á         Use the concept of hydrogen bonding to explain the properties of water

á         High surface tension

á         Low vapor pressure

á         High specific heat

á         High heat of vaporization

á         High boiling point

á         Explain the low density and high heat of fusion of ice

á         Demonstrate an understanding of water as amphoteric

5.        Demonstrate an understanding of the composition of matter

á         Relate temperature to average kinetic energy

á         Define absolute zero and explain its significance

á         Express absolute zero in

á         Degrees Celsius

á         Kelvin

á         Distinguish between atmospheric (air, barometric) pressure and gas pressure

á         Explain how pressure is measured with a

á         Manometer

á         Demonstrate an understanding of units of pressure

á         Pascal

á         Torr

á         Complete mathematical conversions between units of pressure (Pa, atm, and mm of Hg)

á         Use kinetic theory to explain gas pressure

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the gas laws

á         Boyle's Law

á         Charles' Law

á         Ideal Gas Law

á         Demonstrate an understanding of STP (standard conditions of temperature and pressure) and state its values

á         Name the six possible changes that matter undergoes

á         Solid to liquid

á         Liquid to solid

á         Liquid to gas

á         Gas to liquid

á         Solid to gas

á         Gas to solid

á         Demonstrate an understanding of the processes by which matter changes from one phase to another

á         Condensation

á         Evaporation

á         Liquefaction

á         Sublimation

á         Define and identify heat-related properties

á         Boiling point

á         Heat of condensation

á         Heat of fusion

á         Heat of solidification

á         Heat of vaporization

á         Melting (freezing) point

á         Specific heat

Grade 12

When a fourth year of science becomes a requirement for graduation, seniors will have one of three program options: Advanced Biology, Advanced Chemistry, or Advanced Physics. For content standards and performance indicators, see SUPPLEMENTAL PAGES: SCIENCE PROGRAM.

07/16/98

curr-science-chemistry-scope.doc